Free Psychology Flashcards about AP Psych Unit 7 (2024)

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Chapter 11 Motivation & Chapter 12 Emotion

Term	Definition
Motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct	A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Set Point	The point at which an individuals's weight thermostat is supposedly set. This is an older notion a specific weight that our body tries to maintain the newer idea is known as a settling point
Basal Metabolic Rate	The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
Drive-Reduction Theory	The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and maintain HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis	A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
Abraham Maslow	The Humanistic psychologist who created the hierarchy of needs which attempts to explain what motivates individuals
Hierarchy of Needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the based of physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Hunger	Physiological drive that motivates individuals to seek food
Glucose	A form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low we feel hunger. Insulin, a hormone, regulated by our hypothalamus and pancreas helps our body break down the glucose
Lateral Hypothalamus	Part of our brain that brings on hunger. When we stimulate it a person or animal will begin to eat and will never want to stop. If we remove this part of the brain the person or animal will never feel the desire to eat ever even if they are starving.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus	Part of our brain that controls and senses fullness. When we stimulate this a person or animal will have no interest in food even if starving. If we remove this part of the brain the person will eat and eat and never feel full.
Incentives	A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Settling Point	Settling point is a newer idea that suggests there is a healthy range of weights that our body is comfortable at and seeks to maintain
Insulin	Hormone secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose
Leptin	Protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
Orexin	Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
Ghrelin	Hormone secreted by the empty stomach; sends the "I'm hungry" signal to the brain
PYY	Digestive tract hormone; sends the "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain
Anorexia Nervosa	An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Bulemia Nervosa	An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Alfred Kinsey	First big survey of sexual behavior that suggested that some once considered "taboo" behaviors were actually more common, this was followed up by Masters' and Johnson's film studies of sexual cycles
Sexual Response Cycle	The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, org*sm, and resolution
Refractory Period	A resting period after orgsm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgsm
Sexual Disorders	A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
Estrogen	A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.
Testosterone	The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but males have it in greater amounts.
Sexual Orientation	An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (hom*osexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Industrial-Organization (I/O) Psychology	The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Personnel Psychology	A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
Organizational Psychology	a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
Structured Interviews	Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
360-degree Feedback	A way of rating yourself, your manager, your colleagues, and being rated by everyone. The goal of this type of feedback is open communication and a complete appraisal of the work that has been done and improvements that can be made.
Achievement Motivation	A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
Task Leadership	Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership	Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support.
Flow	A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills. Flow is what we desire to create in the workplace.
Emotions	A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
James-Lange Theory	The theory that our experience of emotion is awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory	The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses AND the subjective experience of emotion
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory	Theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
Spillover Effect	Sometimes our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
Polygraph	A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
Catharsis	Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, Do-good Phenomenon	People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
Subjective Well-Being	Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life.
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon	Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Relative deprivation	The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
Physiological Needs	Need to satisfy hunger and thirst the first level of Maslow's hierarchy
Safety Needs	Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe. 2nd level of Maslow's hierarchy
Belongingness and Love Needs	Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation. 3rd level of Maslow's hierarchy
Esteem Needs	Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others; 4th level of Maslow's hierarchy
Self-actualization Needs	Need to live up to our fullest and unique potential; 5th level of Maslow's hierarchy.
Self-transcendence Needs	Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self. The final part that Maslow theorized about.
Hypothalamus	The part of the brain that manipulates the endocrine system. Known as the "master gland". Helps control hunger by regulating the amount of insulin produced by the brain. Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus help regulate eating
Ostracism	When the need to belong is denied. Often when people are ignored, excluded, or shunned. Can be particularly painful because we are social creatures. The fear of this can motivate us to act in ways that allow us to avoid ostracism.
Human Factors Psychology	A sub-field of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
Body Mass Index	Is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women. Often criticized because it doesn't take into account musculature which affects results because muscle weighs more than fat.
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus	Psychologists who did experiments that proved that sometimes cognition does not precede (come before) emotion. Perhaps some emotions bypass the cortex (decision making) and go directly to the amygdala which controls strong emotional responses.
Izard's 10 basic emotions	Identified what she called the 10 basic emotions that are present from birth: joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt.
General adaptation syndrome	Selye's concept of the body's adaptive responses to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Tend and befriend	Under stress people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
Psychophysiological illnesses	literally, "mind-body" illnesses; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
Psychoneuroimmunology	The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Type A	Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B	Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
Coping	Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Problem-focused coping	Attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
Emotion-focused coping	Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Created by: thompsonce

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